We estimate difference-in-differences models of the proportion of people on the waiting list who waited over 6, 9 and 12 months. We estimate the effect of the English target regime for waiting times for hospital care after 2001 by a comparative analysis with Scotland, a neighbouring country with the same healthcare system that did not adopt the target regime. This regime has been dubbed ‘targets and terror’. As a result, the English government in 2000 adopted the use of an aggressive policy of targets coupled with the publication of waiting times data at the hospital level and strong sanctions for poor performing hospital managers. Pro-market reforms introduced in the NHS in the 1990s were not accompanied by large drops in waiting times. Waiting times have been a central concern in the English NHS, where care is provided free at the point of delivery and is rationed by waiting time.
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